Materi Syntax

SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS:

1.    Based on syntactic categories: article, noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, conjunction, and prep.

2.    Based on syntactic function: subject, predicate, object, and complement.

3.    Based on sentence types: simple sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence, and etc.

IC ANALYSIS:

1.       She   does   not   like   what   we   are   discussing.

                                                                       

2.       Ali   and   his    nice    father    will    buy    a   very    new    car.

CONSTRUCTION

1.    Apposition

Non-restrictive appositive: must be preceded by comma, my wife, a nurse by training …..

Restrictive appositive: is not set off by comma, my friend Alice …..

2.    Clause

It is cold    although the sun is raising.

     IC                              DC

3.    Elliptical construction

Fire when you are ready.       The elliptical const. fire when ready.

Types of ellipsis

a.       Gapping

John can play the guitar, and Mary _{can play} the violin.

Fred took a picture of you, and Susan _{took a picture} of me.

b.       Stripping

John can play the guitar, and Mary _{can play the guitar} too.

c.       Answer ellipsis

Who has been hiding the truth? A: Billy _{has been hiding the truth.}

What have you been trying to accomplish? _{I have been trying to accomplish} this darn crossword.

d.       Sluicing

John can play something, but I don’t know what _{he can play}.

e.       Endocentric construction/headed const

There is wet paint on the bench.

The very interesting film will be shown to us.

TH Noun group

The big black man is waiting for his friends.

TH verb group

The children are seriously discussing the questions.

HT Verbal group

Walking in the busy street is dangerous.

HT adjective group

The room is cold under the air condition.

Exocentric const (Prep phrase)                           idiomatic const

I am sitting on the table.                                     Kick the bucket (die)

PHRASE STRUCTURE RULE

The girl found a pen on the floor.

S → NP VP                   Det = the                      det=the

NP → det. N                  N=girl                           N=floor

VP → V NP PP             V=found                      

NP → det. Noun                        Det=a

PP → prep. NP              N=pen

NP → det. N                  Prep=on

KERNEL SENTENCES

Susan will give some books to John.

1.       Susan will not give some books to John.

2.       Will Susan give some books to John?

3.       Will Susan not give some books to John?

4.       What will Susan give to John?

5.       To whom will Susan give some books?

6.       Some books will be given to John by Susan.

7.       Some books will not be given to John by Susan.

8.       Will some books be given to John by Susan?

9.       What will be given to John by Susan?

SYNTACTIC AMBIGUITY

Bephy and Murphy are frightening dogs.

1.       The dogs are frightened by Bephy and Murphy.

2.       The dogs are making them frightening

George wanted the presidency more than Marha.

1.       George wanted the presidency more than wanted Martha.

2.       George wanted the presidency more than Martha wanted.

John loves his mother and so does Bill.

1.       John loves his mother and Bill loves his own mother.

2.       John loves his mother and Bill loves John’s mother too.

The mafia wants protection from attack by the police.

1.       The mafia wants protection from being attacked by the police.

2.       The mafia wants the police to protect them from someone’s attack.

Visiting relatives can be boring.

1.       Relatives who are visiting can be boring.

2.       To visit relatives can be boring.